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Antibiotic resistance is a formidable global threat. Wastewater is a contributing factor to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in the environment. There is increased interest evident from research trends in exploring nanoparticles for the remediation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles have various technological, biomedical, and environmental applications. Beyond the environmental remediation applications of degradation or adsorption of dyes and organic pollutants, there is emerging research interest in the environmental remediation potential of Co3O4 nanoparticles and its nanocomposites on antibiotic-resistant and/or pathogenic bacteria. This review focuses on the recent trends and advances in remediation using Co3O4 nanoparticles and its nanocomposites on antibiotic-resistant or pathogenic bacteria from wastewater. Additionally, challenges and future directions that need to be addressed are discussed.